2. جسم / لب الورقة Body/Core of the paper
جسم الورقة محدد جدًا في محتواه. لهذا السبب ، فإن عدد العبارات القابلة للتطبيق بشكل عام أقل مما هو عليه في الأجزاء الأخرى. فيما يلي أمثلة لبعض هذه العبارات.
ومع ذلك ، هناك وسائل لغوية مشتركة بين جميع أنواع الأوراق البحثية ، مثل الكلمات والعبارات التي تعبر عن السبب والنتائج والإضافة والتشابه ، وما إلى ذلك. للحصول على قوائم واستخدام هذه الكلمات والعبارات ، راجع دورة علاجية في قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية: البنود والمبادئ التوجيهية للكتابة الأكاديمية: بنية النص.
Materials and Methods/Methods of Approach المواد والطرق / طرق المنهج
Describing what was done and how it was done وصف ما تم عمله وكيف تم
We started by investigating …..
We designed a new technique for ……
We used a new approach.
These experiments were carried out to find out …..
In order to verify the validity of the ….. method, we carried out several experiments.
All the tests/measurements were carried out at room temperature.
The (signals) were measured before and after …..
To illustrate ….., a simulation was performed.
The ….. analysis was performed in order to …..
We checked for the presence of …..
(The chemical structure of …..) was examined by (the ….. technique).
A gradual change (in temperature) was observed.
The increase in ….. was not caused by/was not due to a decrease in …...
The (optimized condition) was obtained from ….
- Describing numerical methods
The equation that describes ….. is as follows:
Equation (2) represents/defines/expresses …..
The equation can be written as .…., where …..
Thus, the following equation is obtained:
….. can be computed by the following equation:
Equations (5) and (6) approximate (the original formulas).
….. satisfies equation (3).
Equations (2) and (3) demonstrate that …..
(3) implies that …..
….. is described by (5).
The function f is given/defined by…...
Let f be given/defined by …..
To simplify (3) we can …..
For simplicity we ignore the dependence of ….. on …..
It follows from (3) that …..
Substituting/inserting (4) and (6a) in(to) (6b), we obtain …..
Substitution/Insertion of (4) in(to) (5) yields …..
Now we can derive ….. according to (2)
We can now proceed analogously to …..
This is true for …../This holds for …..
Similarly, (5) is also valid/true for the following relation.
Assume/Let us assume that (3) holds for …..
(6) holds under the condition that …..
We will make the following assumptions: …..
From now on we assume that …..
Let us define the following dependence/relation by/as …..
Let (3) satisfy the following relation …...
Equality holds in (10) if and only if …..
The inequality is satisfied if and only if …..
We shall write the above expression as …..
In this way we obtain …...
According to (5) we have/obtain …..
…. is obtained as .…./can be obtained as …..
….. is denoted (M) and defined as …..
….. takes the form ….. /….. can be written in the form …..
As is clear from (5,) …..
We first prove that …../Let us first prove that …..
It remains to prove that …..
It is clear/evident/obvious that …..
From this we conclude/see/deduce that …..
Referring to/Describing figures, graphs, tables, diagrams الإشارة إلى / وصف الأشكال والرسوم البيانية والجداول والرسوم البيانية
Fig. 2 shows/presents/depicts/outlines/illustrates/represents …..
Fig. 3 gives an example of …..
Such cases are depicted in the following figures.
This is illustrated in Fig. 5.
….. is/are shown/given in Figs. 3 and 4.
….. can be found in Fig. 8.
Consider Fig. 2, which plots ….. versus/against ….. .
As can be seen from Figs. 5 and 3, …..
As shown in Fig. 1, …..
As follows from the figures shown above, …..
From this figure it can be seen that …..
For the resulting plot, see Fig. 2.
For visual representation of the dependence ….. the reader is referred to Tables V and VI.
Table II summarizes …..
The graph/diagram suggests/indicates that …..
Results نتائج
قسم النتائج ، على سبيل المثال تلخيص ما تم القيام به ، بالإشارة إلى المخططات والرسوم البيانية وما إلى ذلك.
It has been found that …..
The results show that …..
The results thus obtained are compatible with …..
The overall measurement results are summarized in Table II.
As mentioned earlier/above, …..
The previous sections have shown that …..
This method is based on …..
The method was tested on …..
The method is an effective way to improve …..
The analysis and simulation indicate that …..
The …. analysis plays a crucial role in …..
As may be seen below, …..
We have introduced a new approach to …..
A similar approach is used for …..
This approach may fail if/due to …..
One of the big advantages of (this approach/method) .…. is that …..
To verify this method, ….. is compared with …..
The only disadvantage/drawback of such ….. is …..
There is no evident relationship between ….. and …..
….. are in good agreement/correspond with …..
There is a good match between ….. and …..
To illustrate the result, a simulation of ….. was performed.
The simulation results match the calculations.
The differences in (temperature) result in significant differences in …..
The decrease/increase in ….. can be contributed to …..
To overcome/avoid this problem/difficulty, it is necessary to adopt a …..
One possible solution to this problem is to (use) ……
This solution requires …..
في القسم الثالث سنقدم عبارات خاصة في المناقشة Discussion و الاستنتاج أو الخلاصة Conclusion
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