عبارات عامة بالانجليزية يمكن استخدامها في العديد من أنواع الأوراق البحثية ( مقدمة Introduction )

   بالنسبة للباحثين أو الطلبة الذين لا يتقنون اللغة الانجليزية ويواجهون مشكلة في كتابة أوراقهم البحثية إليكم الحل حيث تقدم القوائم أدناه عبارات عامة يمكن استخدامها في العديد من أنواع الأوراق البحثية. من أجل إتقان المصطلحات والعبارات الخاصة بمجال ما ، فإن القراءة المنتظمة للأدبيات ذات الصلة ضرورية.

أولا: الملخص :

   نظرًا لأن الملخص هو نسخة مختصرة من الورقة ، فإن بعض العبارات المستخدمة في الأجزاء الأخرى من الورقة مستخدمة أيضًا في الملخص ولم يتم ذكرها هنا. يمكنك العثور عليها أدناه تحت كل قسم من الورقة. فيما يلي بعض التلميحات حول كيفية بدء الملخص:

  جمل تمهيدية  Introductory sentences

The paper/article

discusses/deals with/analyses/considers/explains/describes/establishes/introduces …..

develops/presents/provides/studies/represents/features/contains/concentrates on …..

covers/suggests/proposes/shows …..

demonstrates the feasibility of …..

opens up a new field/issue

gives/aims to give a comprehensive account of …..

offers a solution to …..

serves as an introduction to …..

The main objective/goal/purpose of the paper/article is …..

Common mistakes  الأخطاء الشائعة

Wrong:                                                                       Right:

In this paper there/it is presented a novel                  This paper presents a novel method of …..

method of …..                                                           In this paper, a novel method of ….. is

                                                                                   presented

ثانيا : أقسام الورقة :

1. مقدمة Introduction

   في معظم الحالات ، يتم التعامل مع قسم المقدمة ككل ولا يتم تقسيمه إلى أقسام فرعية. يجب أن تساعدك العناوين الفرعية أدناه في تنظيم المعلومات فقط.

خلفية المشكلة

….. plays an important/vital role in …..

….. is an important issue for …..

….. is extensively/widely used in …..

….. is a very effective method for …..

In the last few years there has been a growing interest in …..

Quite recently, considerable attention has been paid to …..

….. have/has been gaining importance in recent years …..

….. have/has been utilized in many applications such as …..

مراجعة الأدبيات / ملخص البحث السابق

Referring to the sources in general       الإشارة الى المصادر بشكل عام

Current research on ….. is focused on …..

Previous studies indicate that …..

The literature on ….. shows a variety of approaches

Much research on ….. has been done.

The focus of recent research has been on …..

….. has/have been widely researched/investigated.

In recent years, research on/into ….. has become very popular.

In the last decade ….. has attracted much attention from research teams …..

For several years great effort has been devoted to the study of …..

Several publications have appeared in recent years documenting …..

Previous research has documented/shown/demonstrated that …..

To solve this problem/issue, many researchers have proposed various methods of (+-ing)

In the literature, several theories have been proposed to explain …..

Referring to individual authors        الإشارة إلى المؤلفين الأفراد -

….. and …. are discussed in [3] and [6].

X [4] and Y [3] indicate that …..

X et al. [1] argue that …..

One of the first examples of ….. is presented in [2].

Another/The latest solution is described in [3].

The results obtained/offered by X in [5] suggest that …..

Recently, several authors [4], [5], [7] have proposed (a new theory) …..

X [2] and X [5] have demonstrated that …..

A/The most interesting approach to this issue has been proposed by [2].

X [6] has also found that ….. . However, our researchers have arrived at the conclusion/have

concluded that …..

….. was experimentally measured by [7].

X et al. [7] studied ….. and showed that …..

X [11] developed a novel sensor using …..

In this work and in related references it was observed that …..

In [8] it was shown that …..

As reported by X [2], …..

In a recent paper by X [9], …..

 

 Saying that little research has been done in a particular field   القول بأنه تم إجراء القليل من البحث في مجال معين

However, to the author´s/authors´ best knowledge, very few publications can be found/are

available in the literature that discuss/address the issue of ….

To the author´s/authors´ knowledge, ….. has/have been scarcely investigated from the point

of view of …../from the theoretical point of view.

 Pointing out limitations of previous research        بيان حدود البحث السابق

A key limitation of this research is that (it does not address the problem of …..)

The major drawback of this approach is …..

However, most of the previous studies do not take into account …..

This approach may not be practical/orthodox/conventional in all situations.

Reference [3] analyses and compares various aspects of ….. . Nevertheless, there are still

some interesting and relevant problems to be addressed.

However, studies on ….. are still lacking.

The problem with this approach is in that it …..

Although several studies have indicated that ….., little attention has been paid/given to …..

Problem statement, purpose/main objective of the paper    بيان المشكلة والغرض / الهدف الرئيسي للورقة

- Problem statement and description of the objective of the paper are very specific parts of

the paper and the phrases used depend on the nature of the problem. Examples showing

how closely this part is related to the literature review and previous research are given

below.

(A ….. theory of ….. ) has recently been presented in [..…]. However, several practical

questions arise when dealing with .….: 1) It is important to (identify …..). 2) It is key to

(predict …..). 3. It is crucial to (establish when …..). To answer all these questions, we present

an original approach which ….. .

Even though (the efficiency of …..) has been improved in recent years, most improvements

have been achieved by (minimizing the amount of energy lost in …..). Nonetheless, it is

possible to further improve (the efficiency by …..). With this goal, this work (explores, seeks

to …..).

Based on the approach presented in [3], the purpose of this paper is to ….

In this paper, while we refer to our earlier work [2], [3], and [4], the focus is different.

Like most authors, we …..

The objective/aim of this paper/study is to propose …..

The paper presents/proposes a new approach to …..

This article introduces a new type of …..

In this paper, we/the authors offer …..

In this paper, we explore the possibility of …..

In this study, a new technique that improves ….. is suggested.

See also Abstract, Introductory sentences.

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